Feature Article

The Ice Equation
By Sallie Rediske, MPT

  Homer is known for its milder winter temperatures and is often jokingly referred to as the “Banana Belt” of Alaska. These days, however, winter conversations swirl around whether long-term climate changes are the source of decreased volume of snow and increased frequency of ice during the winter months. This shift from snow to increased frequency of ice challenges our bodies in ways many of us never consider.

  There are several interesting parts to the “ice equation”. The first and most obvious part is the minimization of friction under your feet making a slip much more likely. The most hazardous type of ice has a thin, almost imperceptible layer of water on top. Because it is so difficult to see, we are often taken by surprise when we encounter it. Its danger lies in the “lubrication” the thin layer of water creates which further diminishes friction.

  The second part of the equation involves the integration of the muscular and neurological systems. This amazingly complex network incorporates input from the eyes, the ears (both auditory and vestibular or “inner ear”) and from sensory input structures throughout the body, but primarily utilizes sensors located in the hips and ankles. All of the information that comes into the body from these various sensors is then processed by the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). The central nervous system must take this information and determine how the body is positioned, what the surroundings are like and most importantly, what the surface of under the feet is like. Is it moving? Does it give way under our feet? Do we stick to it?

  With faster than lightening speed, our brain sends instructions to the rest of the body to adjust its position in order to maintain the center of balance (or mass) that will allow us to continue standing upright, moving forward, sideways or whichever direction we have established as our goal. The prime focus of the central nervous system is fairly selfish, however. Its ultimate goal is to protect itself: we all know that a severe blow to the head can be deadly. If the sensory input coming through the legs is inconsistent or suddenly gives way, the muscles and nervous system simply react not react fast enough to prevent a fall. Even when the body reacts quickly, the surface that the adjustments are being made on is often so slippery that the corrections are ineffective.

  The final part of the equation is what this does to our bodies – not just the obvious- the broken wrist, the fractured hip, the concussion, but the tension that is created by the muscles trying to stabilize us. All of our muscles increase their effort and tension, especially those of the feet, legs, spine, pelvic floor and buttocks. For people who are trying to prevent aches and pains, it simply doesn’t make sense to walk around drawn up and tense. For those who already have some type of muscle or joint pain, this extra tension can be the final stressor that leads to full-blown chronic pain cycle.

  Many people seemingly pride themselves on “just slipping, but not falling” as if this is somehow a better outcome. For every example of someone who has “just slipped” there is a person who instinctively grabbed the car door to prevent the dreaded impact and ended up tearing a rotator cuff (the stabilizer muscles of the shoulder) or another person who tore a knee ligament when their leg suddenly twisted and slipped out from under them. For chronic pain patients, slipping often contributes more to pain than actually hitting the ground.

  So how can all of this be prevented? A simple $20.00 investment in the form of ice cleats can solve the problem. (The average total hip replacement surgery runs around $45,000.) There are a variety of styles available here in Homer. Our researchers (us!) have conducted unscientific studies on several of these brands and here are the long-awaited results:

  Yak-Trax – Retail cost: $20.00. Ease of putting on: moderate (would be difficult for someone with limited hand strength or dexterity). Ease of taking off: way too easy. They tend to pop off on their own. Stability: good. You can actually run in them, but we are reluctant to do so due to the issue of them staying on. Yak-Trax now makes a cleat with a Velcro band across the forefoot, which may decrease the likelihood of losing one. They also break easily, thus requiring replacement fairly often. Yak-Trax come in sizes to fit children 4-5 years old to men’s XL.

  Ice Tackle Slip-On Cleats – Retail cost: $15.00. Ease of putting on: difficult. Ease of taking off: moderate. The best way to address this issue is to not remove these cleats from your shoes, but to rely on having a spare pair of shoes with you at all times for walking indoors. Stability: fair. They lack enough traction across the whole foot for us to be able to relax while using them. Ice Tackle Slip-Ons have grippers only on the underside of the forefoot. To maximize stability, ice cleats should have grippers on the heels to allow a normal gait pattern where the heel strikes the ground first.

  Stabilicers – Retail cost: $50.00-$60.00. Ease of putting on: fair. Ease of taking off: easy. These must be removed frequently if you are going in and out of businesses, homes, etc. The size of the cleat requires that you take them off indoors unless you are walking on unfinished concrete. They resemble a sandal for your shoe that is held on by Velcro straps across the forefoot and the ankle. Stability: excellent. The downside, this device can slide side-to-side on your shoe.

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